In this study, a model is presented using the black box neural network technique. In this model, the effects of four basic parameters, including temperature, voltage consumption, flow rate, and feed concentration on salt separation percentage from salty water, have been investigated. With the help of trial and error, the training method, transfer function, and the optimal number of neurons on each layer are selected to provide the best network performance. Multi-layer neural network, backpropagation, and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm are utilized as the optimum options. In this study, 135 data were used, allocating 60% of them (81 data) to network training, 20% (27 data) to training data evaluation, and the remaining 20% (27 data) to assess the network generalizability as test data. Finally, a comparison of the model results with independent laboratory data indicates that the optimal network arrangement is 4: 5: 8: 1, and the model with an error of less than 1% can predict the process behavior.

Each year rivers transport a lot of sediments, especially for flood times, to dams’ reservoirs and the main cause for this transportation is density current phenomenon. This phenomenon forms when a liquid with a density of ( ) flows in another liquid with density of (. This density deference could be due to the temperature, or dissolve solids, or suspended solids deference or a combination of them (Graf and Altinakar, 1998). Vargavand (2013) made a density current using the solution of water and salt and investigated the effect of a bed with cylindrical and conical roughness on water entrainment coefficient. His results showed that the water entrainment coefficient not only affected by Richardson number but the height of bed roughness is also an important parameter. Daryaee (2014) investigated the water entrainment coefficients for four bed slopes, two sediment concentrations and four different bed roughness height in a sedimentary density current. The results of this research showed that by increasing roughness height velocity decreases and this increases Richardson number and a result water entrainment coefficient decreases. However, roughness blocks cause for more turbulent flow which extended up to interface of density current and ambient water and this phenomenon makes more water entrainment. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of bed roughness, bed slope, and hydraulic parameters of density current such as flow rate and concentration on water entrainment of a salty density current...

In order to study the effects of salinity of irrigation water on the growth and quality of 10 Bermuda grass cultivars under saline soil, a factorial plot experiment using a complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out at College of Agriculture, 1sfahanUniversity of Technology in 2002-2003. Ten cultivars under five levels of irrigation water salinity (3.30, 6.93, 10.2, 14.8, 17.8 dsm-1) were studied. During experiment, visual appearance of color (1 to 9, best 9), and leaf area, shoot and root dry weights and length and number of stolones were measured. Results showed that salinity of irrigation water affected color of different cultivars, such that with increase in the level of salinity, color decreased. Cultivars showed better color in August, but lower color in January. Annual mean indexes showed that ISF2 and Tifdwarf had highest and lowest color, respectively. Also, with increase in salinity levels, leaf area, foliage dry weight, length and number of stolones reduced. With increase in salinity of irrigation water from 3.30 to 10.2dsm-1 root dry weight increased, but reduced in higher salinity levels. Due to significant interaction effects between salinity and cultivars for most traits, the responses of cultivars were different. Large differences observed between cultivars for most of traits indicated high genetic variation among the studied Bermuda grass cultivars. Under high level of salinity conditions, JP2 and Tifway for foliage dry weight, 3200W18-4 and ISF2 for root dry weight, and cultivars Midlawn and 3200W18-4 for leaf area, were recognized as more tolerant than others.

In order to investigate the effects of water saltiness of irrigation on the features of the agronomy in two lines (Maya&Tou2) of wheat, an examination was performed in Faculty of The University of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources of Gorgan in 1382. This examination was done by applying irrigation water: 0.67 (witness), 2 and 4 dS/m in three periods (booting, milky and mild doughy). The examination was performed by factorial in form of Complete Randomized Blocks three times. Results indicated that, plant height, 1000 grain weight, total number of head, harvest index and grain yield in two lines of wheat weren't significant in comparison with witness. In milky phase, the whole dry matter in Tou2 line decreased after using saline water. Increase in the salinity in the third level (4 dS/m), increased the number of spike let per spike in line Maya. Salinity increased the number of spike let per spike of Tou2 line in second level of salinity. The number of spike let per spike, the number of grain per spike, total dry matter, and grain yield and harvest index were much more in Maya line, but total number of head and 1000 grain weight increased. The grain yield in Maya line was more than 30/51% that in Tou2 line.

Salinity stress is a brutal environmental stress which decreases the yield production of plants. Questions rise on which of the ionic stress or lack of water has deleterious effects on plants forage dry yield. Also, questions remain on whether the K+ reduction or Na+ accumulation is more important in forage dry yield reduction under salinity stress. The present experiment was conducted to answer the above questions in four alfalfa ecotypes. To do so, 6-7 weeks seedlings were irrigated with high salty water (EC=20dS m-1) and RWC, MSI, height, forage dry yield, Na+ and K+ were measured 1, 3, 6, 10, and 16 days after the salt shock. The results showed that one day after irrigation with saline water, all measured traits changed adversely. Salinity stress by decreasing K+ and increasing Na+ content reduced the growth of alfalfa plants. RWC reduction was less than K+ reduction or Na+ accumulation, so ionic stress had more deleterious effects on forage dry yield of alfalfa plants. Root cells had a higher content of K+ and Na+ ions compared with leaves, hence, they had a major defensive role against salinity stress. The K+/Na+ ratio reduction in saline condition was the main element for decreasing plant forage dry yield. The application of high salty water for irrigation of alfalfa plants is possible if there is a good subsoil drainage system to remove the leached saline water regularly from the soil. It is also suggested that foliar application of potassium may be ameliorate harmful effects of salinity stress in plant growth.

One of the most important factors, affecting desertification process is soil and water salinization, which is the result of different natural and human effects. According to our studying, the region of Brom (Damghan) was selected. At first step the boundaries of this region were characterized with using GPS, then work units were determined for field survey and also soil sampling in 15 units were done according two factors planting pattern and water resources in each unit. The soil profile was prepared and soil samples were obtained from different depths (0-50cm, 50-100cm, and 100-150cm). For study of water resources in this region some samples were obtained from7 wells and also from upland runoff, then soil and water samples were analyzed and some parameters were measured.Then according to data base, geological map, topography map, work unit map, measured data of soil and water and also field studies, schedule of soil and water salinizatian and status of region were investigated.Water salinization factors in this region are geological formations in place of aquifer recharge and climatic conditions. Important factors in soil salinization in region include: Irrigation with saline water, improper irrigation method, unsuitable planting method, climatic condition and land form.  

Desalination is one of the ways to cope with water scarcity in agriculture sector, especially in areas with saline water. The condensation irrigation as a method for irrigating with saline water and solar energy, is a combination of subsurface irrigation and simple solar distillation. In this study, a condensation irrigation with area of two square meters was developed in a greenhouse, in order to study the feasibility for meeting plant water requirement, so a humidifier with dimensions of 170×70×15 cm was made in which saline water was evaporated using a heating element. The vapor humidified the air above the salty water surface and warmed it. The air was blown into 5 two-meter-long perforated pipes buried with 20 cm intervals at deep of 8 cm. The water vapor then condensed inside the pipe wall and soil, providing the required water for the basil plants grown in the soil. The results showed that daily average of humidifier insertion into the perforated pipes was 12550 ml of water, of which 4167 ml were converted into liquid water in the soil and tubes. Also, this system with average daily irrigation of more than two millimeters was able to meet basil water requirement and production of wet and dry matter in this system was 32% and 63% more than control pots.

One of the unconventional water, is saline and brackish water. Currently, several methods are considered for the use of saline water in irrigation. The aim of this study is compare existing approaches and propose a new approach on how to conjunct saline and non-saline water. Forage sorghum plants were grown in field conditions. Treatments consisted of control treatment (100% sweet), the half treated, the alternate time, the alternate place, the mixed and 100% saline treatment. In each of these treatments, half of the needed water for irrigation will be provided with saline water. Finally, the biological parameters of the plant and salinity changes in the soil profile were analyzed. The results show that the best performance refers to alternate treatment, although after control treatment. Then, the alternate place are the half treated, the alternate time and the mixed treatment.

Saltwater desalination technologies have evolved as an effective and reliable solution for water supply over the last few decades. The development of desalination units in the southern coasts of Iran, is considered as one of the main solutions for sustainable water supply. In this research, by studying the three leading countries in seawater desalination, the improvement path of their facilities have been evaluated, and optimal model for the development of desalination units in Iran has been presented. According to the results, four challenges of salty wastewater, damage at the inlet, high energy consumption and the poverty of minerals is observed in desalinated water. Based on the findings, increasing the country's current capacity in seawater desalination from 585,000 to 1,150,000 m3/day is needed to sustainably supply the drinking needs of water-deficient provinces. Based on the economic analysis, including the price of subsidized electricity in Iran, the total price of each cubic meter of water for near the coast, Kerman, Yazd and Birjand is estimated to be 432, 702, 972 and 1026 thousand Rials, respectively. Also, in terms of salinity and environmental issues, the location of sweetening units on the coasts of Makran has an advantage over the Persian Gulf.